Research Paper: Citing Sources in Text

Parenthetical/Internal Citation Format

1. Each time you change a source and/or page # you need to give credit to the source using a parenthetical citation. This will include the author's name, or article title, or book title, plus a page number, depending upon the source you need to credit. Below, there are specific guidelines to follow for each scenario.

2. The period for your sentence will go after the parentheses, even if you include a direct quote. See the example below.

"The famous Chicago lawyer Clarence Darrow defended Scopes at the trial" (Divine 283).

3. You should include one space after your information before your parentheses. See the example above.

See the guidelines below:

* Work by one author or editor

Include the author's last name and the page number in parentheses:

Ex. (Silverman 3).

If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, as a statement by authority, use only the page number in parentheses:

Ex. According to Delia Ray, author of Behind The Blue and Gray: A Soldier's Life in The Civil War, 35,000 Union troops were crammed into the city of Manassas waiting for the trumpet signaling them to move forward (3).

* Work by two authors or editors

Include both of the authors' last names and the page number in parentheses:

Ex. (Grace and Allen 76).

* Work by three or more authors or editors

Use only the first author's last name followed by et al. (meaning “and others”) and the page number:

Ex. (Driesen et al. 70).

*Work with no author or editor listed

Use the title or a shortened version of the title and the page number:

Article titles should be included in quotation marks.

Ex. ("Ford's Theatre" 231).

Book titles should be underlined

Ex. (The Korean War Memorial 45).

Pamphlet or other sources with no author

Include the title of the pamphlet followed by the

page number, if one is provided:

Ex. (The Holocaust Memorial).

*Web page with a company or organization

Use the company or organization name and no page #.

*Web page with no author, no organization, or no company

Use the title of the document in quotation marks and no page #.

Ex. (“The National Zoo”).

* One of two or more works by the same author

Put the author's last name, the title or shortened version of the title, and the page number:

Ex. (Gallwey The Inner Game 38).

*Other examples or notes:

If you have two sources with the same title and no author, what should you do…

1. Use the entire title of each source, if only the shortened version

is the same.

2. If the entire title is the same, use the title and the next item in

the works cited entry.